Cadmium ndondomeko masitepe ndi magawo

I. Kukonzekera Kwambiri kwa Zakuthupi ndi Kuyeretsa Kwambiri

1. paKukonzekera Kwapamwamba Kwambiri kwa Cadmium Feedstockpa

• paKutsuka kwa AcidMitseni ma ingots a cadmium mu 5% -10% nitric acid solution pa 40-60°C kwa maola 1-2 kuti muchotse zonyansa zapamtunda ndi zitsulo. Muzimutsuka ndi madzi a deionized mpaka osalowerera pH ndi vacuum youma.
• paHydrometallurgical Leaching: Sungani zinyalala zomwe zili ndi cadmium (mwachitsanzo, copper-cadmium slag) ndi sulfuric acid (15-20% concentration) pa 80-90 ° C kwa maola 4-6, kukwaniritsa ≥95% cadmium leaching bwino. Sefa ndi kuwonjezera ufa wa zinc (1.2-1.5 times stoichiometric ratio) kuti musamuke kuti mupeze siponji cadmium

1. paKusungunula ndi Kuponyapa

• Kwezani siponji cadmium mu zitsulo zoyera kwambiri za graphite, sungunulani pansi pa argon atmosphere pa 320-350 ° C, ndipo tsanulirani mu nkhungu za graphite kuti muzizire pang'onopang'ono. Pangani ma ingots okhala ndi kachulukidwe ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Zone Refining

1. paZida ndi Parameterspa

• Gwiritsani ntchito ng'anjo zoyandama zoyandama zosungunula zone m'lifupi mwake 5-8 mm, liwiro la 3-5 mm/h, ndi madutsa 8-12 oyenga. Kutentha kwapakati: 50-80 ° C / cm; vacuum ≤10⁻³ Pa
• paKupatukana kwa Chidetso: Malo obwerezabwereza amadutsa kutsogolo, zinki, ndi zonyansa zina pa mchira wa ingot. Chotsani gawo lomaliza la 15-20% lolemera zonyansa, kukwaniritsa chiyero chapakati ≥99.999%

1. paKuwongolera Mfungulopa

• Kutentha kwa malo osungunuka: 400-450 ° C (pang'ono pamwamba pa cadmium's melting point 321 ° C);
• Kuzizira: 0.5-1.5 ° C / min kuti muchepetse zolakwika za lattice;
• Kuthamanga kwa Argon: 10-15 L / min kuti muteteze okosijeni

III. Electrolytic Refining

1. paKupanga kwa Electrolytepa

• Kapangidwe ka Electrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) ndi sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), yokhala ndi 0.01-0.05 g/L gelatin yowonjezeredwa kuti iwonjezere kachulukidwe ka cathode deposits

1. paProcess Parameterspa

• Anode: Crude cadmium mbale; Cathode: mbale ya Titaniyamu;
• Kachulukidwe wapano: 80-120 A/m²; Mphamvu yamagetsi: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Kutentha kwa electrolysis: 30-40 ° C; Nthawi: Maola 48-72; Kuyera kwa Cathode ≥99.99%.

IV. Vuto Kuchepetsa Distillation

1. paKuchepetsa Kutentha Kwambiri ndi Kupatukanapa

• Ikani ma cadmium ingots mu ng'anjo ya vacuum (pressure ≤10⁻² Pa), yambitsani haidrojeni ngati chotsitsa, ndi kutentha mpaka 800-1000 ° C kuti muchepetse cadmium oxides kukhala gaseous cadmium. Kutentha kwa condenser: 200-250 ° C; Kuyera komaliza ≥99.9995%

1. paKuchotsa Zonyansa Kwambiripa

• Zotsalira zotsalira, mkuwa, ndi zonyansa zina zazitsulo ≤0.1 ppm;
• Zomwe zili ndi okosijeni ≤5 ppm

V. Czochralski Single Crystal Kukula

1. paSungunulani Kuwongolera ndi Kukonzekera kwa Crystal Mbeupa

• Kwezani ma ingots a cadmium oyeretsedwa kwambiri muzitsulo za quartz zoyera kwambiri, zisungunuke pansi pa argon pa 340-360 ° C. Gwiritsani ntchito <100>-oriented single-crystal cadmium mbewu (m'mimba mwake 5-8 mm), yolumikizidwa kale pa 800 ° C kuti muchotse kupsinjika kwamkati

1. paCrystal Kukoka Parameterspa

• Kuthamanga kwa liwiro: 1.0-1.5 mm / min (gawo loyamba), 0.3-0.5 mm / min (kukula kokhazikika);
• Kuzungulira kwa Crucible: 5-10 rpm (kuzungulira-kuzungulira);
• Kutentha kwapakati: 2-5 ° C / mm; Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ndi ≤±0.5°C

1. paDefect Suppression Techniquespa

• paThandizo la Magnetic Field: Ikani 0.2-0.5 T axial maginito maginito kupondereza chipwirikiti chosungunula ndikuchepetsa miyeso yonyansa;
• paKuzirala Kolamulidwa: Kuzizira pambuyo pa kukula kwa 10-20 ° C / h kumachepetsa kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa kutentha.

VI. Pambuyo pokonza ndi Kuwongolera Ubwino

1. paCrystal Machiningpa

• paKudula: Gwiritsani ntchito macheka wawaya wa diamondi kuti mudulire mawafa 0.5-1.0 mm pa liwiro la waya 20-30 m/s;
• paKupukutira: Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) yokhala ndi nitric acid-ethanol osakaniza (1:5 vol. ratio), kukwaniritsa roughness pamwamba Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. paMiyezo Yabwinopa

• paChiyero: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) imatsimikizira Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• paKukaniza: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (kuyera ≥99.9999%);
• paCrystallographic Orientation: Kupatuka <0.5°; Kachulukidwe kachulukidwe ≤10³/cm²

VII. Njira Zowongolera Njira

1. paKuchotsa Chidetso Chokhazikikapa

• Gwiritsani ntchito ma ion-exchange resins posankha ma adsorption a Cu, Fe, ndi zina zambiri, kuphatikiza ndi kuyenga kwamagawo angapo kuti mukwaniritse chiyero cha 6N-grade (99.9999%)

1. paZosintha zokhapa

• Ma aligorivimu a AI amasintha kukoka mwachangu, kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi zina zambiri, kuchulukitsa zokolola kuchokera pa 85% mpaka 93%;
• Onjezani kukula kwa crucible mpaka mainchesi 36, kupangitsa chakudya chamagulu amodzi cha 2800 kg, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mpaka 80 kWh/kg.

1. paSustainability ndi Resource Recoverypa

• Bwezeraninso zinyalala za asidi osamba pogwiritsa ntchito ion exchange (Cd recovery ≥99.5%);
• Chepetsani mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndi activated carbon adsorption + alkaline scrubbing (Cd vapor recovery ≥98%)

Chidule

Kukula kwa kristalo wa cadmium ndi njira yoyeretsera imaphatikiza hydrometallurgy, kuyengedwa kwakuthupi kotentha kwambiri, komanso matekinoloje olondola akukula kwa kristalo. Kupyolera mu leaching acid, zone refining, electrolysis, vacuum distillation, ndi kukula kwa Czochralski-kuphatikizana ndi automation ndi eco-friendly machitidwe-zimathandizira kupanga kokhazikika kwa 6N-grade ultra-high-purity cadmium single crystals. Izi zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zowunikira zida za nyukiliya, zida za photovoltaic, ndi zida zapamwamba za semiconductor. Kupita patsogolo kwamtsogolo kudzayang'ana pa kukula kwakukulu kwa kristalo, kulekanitsa kodetsedwa komwe kumatsata, komanso kupanga mpweya wochepa.