Sulfure ndi chinthu chosakhala chachitsulo chomwe chili ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala S ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 16. Sulfure yoyera ndi kristalo wachikasu, womwe umadziwikanso kuti sulfure kapena sulfure wachikasu. Sulfure yoyambira siyisungunuka m'madzi, imasungunuka pang'ono mu ethanol, ndipo imasungunuka mosavuta mu carbon disulfideCS2.
1. Kapangidwe ka thupi
- Sulfure nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati kristalo wachikasu wotumbululuka, wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma.
- Sulfure ili ndi ma allotropes ambiri, omwe onse amapangidwa ndi S8Mamolekyu ozungulira. Odziwika kwambiri ndi orthorhomb sulfur (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti rhombic sulfur, α-sulfur) ndi monoclinic sulfur (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti β-sulfur).
- Sulfure ya Orthorhombic ndi mtundu wokhazikika wa sulfure, ndipo ikatenthedwa kufika pafupifupi 100 °C, imatha kuziziritsidwa kuti ipeze sulfure ya monoclinic. Kutentha kosinthika pakati pa sulfure ya orthorhombic ndi sulfure ya monoclinic ndi 95.6 °C. Sulfure ya orhombic ndiyo mtundu wokhazikika wa sulfure pa kutentha kwa chipinda. Mtundu wake weniweni ndi wachikasu-wobiriwira (sulfure yomwe imagulitsidwa pamsika imawoneka yachikasu kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa cycloheptasulfur). Sulfure ya Orthorhombic kwenikweni sisungunuka m'madzi, ili ndi kutentha kochepa, ndipo ndi chotetezera magetsi chabwino.
- Sulfure ya monoclinic ndi makhiristo ambirimbiri ofanana ndi singano omwe amatsala pambuyo posungunuka sulfure ndikutsanulira madzi ochulukirapo. Sulfure ya monoclinic orthorhombic sulfur ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sulfure yoyambira kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Sulfure ya monoclinic imakhala yokhazikika pamwamba pa 95.6 ℃, ndipo kutentha, pang'onopang'ono imasintha kukhala sulfure ya orthorhombic. Malo osungunuka a sulfure ya orthorhombic ndi 112.8 ℃, malo osungunuka a sulfure ya monoclinic ndi 119 ℃. Zonsezi zimasungunuka kwambiri mu CS2.
- Palinso sulfure yosalala. Sulfure yosalala ndi chikasu chakuda, chosalala chomwe sichisungunuka kwambiri mu carbon disulfide kuposa sulfure ina ya allotropes. Sichisungunuka m'madzi ndipo chimasungunuka pang'ono mu mowa. Ngati sulfure yosungunuka itsanuliridwa mwachangu m'madzi ozizira, sulfure wautali umakhala wokhazikika, wotambasulidwa wosalala. Komabe, umalimba pakapita nthawi ndipo umakhala sulfure wa monoclinic.
2. Katundu wa mankhwala
- Sulfure imatha kuyaka mumlengalenga, ikakumana ndi mpweya ndikupanga sulfure dioxide (SO2)₂) mpweya.
- Sulfure imakumana ndi ma halogen onse ikatenthedwa. Imayaka mu fluorine kuti ipange sulfure hexafluoride. Sulfure yamadzimadzi yokhala ndi chlorine kuti ipange disulfur dichloride yokwiya kwambiri (S)2Cl2). Chisakanizo chofanana chokhala ndi red sulfur dichloride (SCl) chingapangidwe pamene chlorine yachuluka kwambiri komanso ngati chothandizira, monga FeCl23kapena SnI4,imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Sulfure imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi yankho la hot potassium hydroxide (KOH) kuti ipange potassium sulfide ndi potassium thiosulfate.
- Sulfure sachita ndi madzi ndi ma asidi osapanga okosijeni. Sulfure imachita ndi nitric acid yotentha ndi sulfuric acid yokhazikika ndipo imatha kusungunuka kukhala sulfuric acid ndi sulfur dioxide.
3. Munda wogwiritsira ntchito
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale
Ntchito zazikulu za sulfure ndi kupanga zinthu za sulfure monga sulfuric acid, sulfites, thiosulfates, ocyanates, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, disulfur dichloride, trichlorosulfonated phosphorous, phosphorous sulf, ndi metal sulfides. Zoposa 80% za sulfure zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka padziko lonse lapansi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sulfuric acid. Sulfur imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga rabala ya vulcanized. Rabala yaiwisi ikasanduka vulcanized, imakhala yolimba kwambiri, yolimba kutentha, komanso yosasungunuka mu organic solvents. Zinthu zambiri za rabala zimapangidwa ndi vulcanized rabala, yomwe imapangidwa pochita rabala yaiwisi ndi ma accelerators pa kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwina. Sulfur imafunikanso popanga ufa wakuda ndi machesi, ndipo ndi imodzi mwazomera zazikulu zosaphika. Kuphatikiza apo, sulfure ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga utoto ndi utoto wa sulfure. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kalisiyumu ndi ufa wa kaolin, kaboni, sulfure, diatomaceous earth, kapena quartz kungapangitse utoto wabuluu wotchedwa ultramarine. Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsanso ntchito sulfure pang'ono.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito kuchipatala
Sulfure ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ambiri a matenda a pakhungu. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta a tung amatenthedwa ndi sulfure kuti alowe mu sulfonate ndi sulfure acid kenako amachotsedwa ndi madzi a ammonia kuti apange mafuta a tung opangidwa ndi sulfonated. Mafuta odzola a 10% opangidwa kuchokera pamenepo ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi kutupa komanso kutsekeka kwa khungu ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza kutupa ndi kutupa kosiyanasiyana pakhungu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-09-2024