1. Mawu Oyamba

Antimony, monga chitsulo chofunikira chosakhala ndi chitsulo, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa moto, ma alloys, semiconductors ndi madera ena. Komabe, miyala ya antimoni m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri imakhala limodzi ndi arsenic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti arsenic achuluke mu antimoni yakuda yomwe imakhudza kwambiri ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a antimoni. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwadongosolo njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera arsenic mu kuyeretsedwa kwa antimoni, kuphatikizapo pyrometallurgical refining, hydrometallurgical refining, ndi electrolytic refining, kufotokoza mfundo zawo, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, machitidwe ogwira ntchito, ndi ubwino / zovuta.

2. Pyrometallurgical Refining for Arsenic Removal

2.1 Njira Yoyeretsera Zamchere

2.1.1 Mfundo

Njira yoyenga zamchere imachotsa arsenic potengera zomwe zimachitika pakati pa arsenic ndi alkali zitsulo zopanga kupanga arsenate. Ma equation akuluakulu:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kukonzekera kwa zinthu zopangira: Ponyani ma antimoni osakanizidwa kukhala tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta 5-10mm ndikusakaniza ndi phulusa la soda (Na₂CO₃) pamlingo wa 10:1
2. Kusungunula: Kutenthetsa mu ng'anjo yobwerera ku 850-950 ° C, gwirani kwa maola 2-3
3. Oxidation: Yambitsani mpweya woponderezedwa (kukakamiza 0.2-0.3MPa), kuthamanga kwa 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Mapangidwe a Slag: Onjezani kuchuluka koyenera kwa saltpeter (NaNO₃) monga oxidant, mlingo 3-5% wa kulemera kwa antimony
5. Kuchotsa Slag: Mukakhazikika kwa mphindi 30, chotsani slag pamwamba
6. Bwerezani ntchito: Bwerezani ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambayi 2-3 nthawi

2.1.3 Njira Yoyang'anira Parameter

• Kuwongolera kutentha: Kutentha koyenera 900±20°C
• Mlingo wa alkali: Sinthani molingana ndi zomwe zili arsenic, nthawi zambiri 8-12% ya kulemera kwa antimoni
• Nthawi ya okosijeni: maola 1-1.5 pa kuzungulira kwa okosijeni

2.1.4 Kuchotsa Arsenic Mwachangu

Itha kuchepetsa zinthu za arsenic kuchokera ku 2-5% mpaka 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Njira ya Oxidative Volatilization

2.2.1 Mfundo

Amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oti arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) imakhala yosasunthika kuposa antimony oxide. As₂O₃ imasinthasintha pa 193 ° C yokha, pomwe Sb₂O₃ imafuna 656 ° C.

2.2.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kusungunuka kwa okosijeni: Kutenthetsa mu ng'anjo yozungulira mpaka 600-650 ° C ndikuyambitsa mpweya
2. Kuchiza kwa gasi wa flue: Kondetsani ndikuchira kutenthedwa kwa As₂O₃
3. Kuchepetsa kusungunula: Chepetsani zinthu zotsalira pa 1200 ° C ndi coke
4. Kuyeretsa: Onjezerani pang'ono phulusa la soda kuti muyeretsedwenso

2.2.3 Zofunika Kwambiri

• Kuchuluka kwa oxygen: 21-28%
• Nthawi yogona: 4-6 hours
• Kuthamanga kwa uvuni: 0.5-1r / min

3. Hydrometallurgical Refining for Arsenic Removal

3.1 Njira ya Alkali Sulfidi Leaching

3.1.1 Mfundo

Amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oti arsenic sulfide ali ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu mu alkali sulfide solution kuposa antimony sulfide. Ndemanga yayikulu:
Monga₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Insoluble

3.1.2 Njira Yoyenda

1. Sulfidation: Sakanizani ufa wa antimoni wakuda ndi sulfure pa 1:0.3 mass ratio, sulfidize pa 500°C kwa ola limodzi.
2. Leaching: Gwiritsani ntchito yankho la 2mol/L Na₂S, chiŵerengero cholimba chamadzimadzi 5:1, yambitsani pa 80°C kwa maola awiri.
3. Sefa: Zosefera zokhala ndi zosefera, zotsalira ndizotsika kwambiri za arsenic antimony
4. Kubadwanso Kwatsopano: Yambitsani H₂S mu kusefera kuti mupangenso Na₂S

3.1.3 Zoyenera Kuchita

• Mlingo wa Na₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Kutsika pH: 12-13
• Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino: Monga> 90%, Sb kutaya <5%

3.2 Acidic Oxidative Leaching Njira

3.2.1 Mfundo

Imagwiritsa ntchito okosijeni kosavuta kwa arsenic mumikhalidwe ya acidic, pogwiritsa ntchito okosijeni monga FeCl₃ kapena H₂O₂ posankha kusungunuka.

3.2.2 Njira Yoyenda

1. Leaching: Mu 1.5mol/L HCl solution, onjezerani 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, madzi olimba chiŵerengero 8:1
2. Kuwongolera kothekera: Sungani mphamvu ya okosijeni pa 400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Kupatukana kwamadzi olimba: kusefera kwa vacuum, tumizani kusefera ku arsenic kuchira
4. Kusamba: Sambani zotsalira za fyuluta katatu ndi dilute hydrochloric acid

4. Electrolytic Refining Njira

4.1 Mfundo

Amagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kuthekera koyika pakati pa antimony (+0.212V) ndi arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Njira Yoyenda

1. Kukonzekera kwa anode: Ponyani ma antimoni akuda mu mbale za anode 400 × 600 × 20mm
2. Kapangidwe ka Electrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, zowonjezera (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Electrolysis zinthu:
   • Kachulukidwe wapano: 120-150A/m²
   • Mphamvu yamagetsi: 0.4-0.6V
   • Kutentha: 30-35 ° C
   • Kutalika kwa Electrode: 100mm
4. Kuzungulira: Chotsani mu cell masiku 7-10 aliwonse

4.3 Zizindikiro zaukadaulo

• Cathode antimoni kuyera: ≥99.85%
• Kuchotsa kwa Arsenic:> 95%
• Kuchita bwino kwaposachedwa: 85-90%

5. Emerging Arsenic Removal Technologies

5.1 Vuto la Vacuum Distillation

Pansi pa vacuum ya 0.1-10Pa, imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa mpweya wa nthunzi (Monga: 133Pa pa 550 ° C, Sb imafuna 1000 ° C).

5.2 Plasma Oxidation

Amagwiritsa ntchito plasma yotsika kutentha (5000-10000K) posankha arsenic oxidation, nthawi yochepa yokonza (10-30min), kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

6. Njira Zofananira ndi Zosankha Zosankha

Zomwe mungakonde:

• Chakudya chokhala ndi arsenic chochuluka (Apo>3%): Kukonda kutulutsa kwa alkali sulfide
• Arsenic wapakatikati (0.5-3%): Kuyenga zamchere kapena electrolysis
• Zofunikira zotsika kwambiri za arsenic: Kuyenga kwa Electrolytic kumalimbikitsidwa

7. Mapeto

Kuchotsa arsenic ku antimony wakuda kumafuna kulingalira mozama za mawonekedwe azinthu zopangira, zofunikira zazinthu, ndi zachuma. Njira zachikhalidwe za pyrometallurgical zimakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu koma zovuta zachilengedwe; njira za hydrometallurgical zili ndi kuipitsidwa kochepa koma njira zazitali; njira za electrolytic zimatulutsa chiyero chachikulu koma zimadya mphamvu zambiri. Mayendedwe amtsogolo akuphatikiza:

1. Kupanga zowonjezera zowonjezera zophatikiza
2. Kupititsa patsogolo njira zambiri zophatikizira
3. Kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka arsenic
4. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kutulutsa mpweya woipa