1. Chiyambi

Antimony, monga chitsulo chofunikira chopanda chitsulo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zinthu zoletsa moto, ma alloy, ma semiconductor ndi madera ena. Komabe, miyala ya antimony m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri imakhala limodzi ndi arsenic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti arsenic ikhale yambiri mu antimony yosaphika yomwe imakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa zinthu za antimony. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera arsenic mu kuyeretsa antimony yosaphika, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa pyrometallurgical, kuyeretsa hydrometallurgical, ndi kuyeretsa electrolytic, kufotokoza mfundo zawo, kayendedwe ka njira, momwe ntchito ikuyendera, ndi ubwino/zoyipa zake.

2. Kuyeretsa kwa Pyrometallurgical kwa Kuchotsa Arsenic

2.1 Njira Yoyeretsera Alkaline

2.1.1 Mfundo Yaikulu

Njira yoyeretsera ya alkaline imachotsa arsenic kutengera momwe arsenic ndi alkali metal compounds zimagwirira ntchito kuti apange ma arsenate. Main reaction equation:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kukonzekera zinthu zopangira: Dulani antimoni yosaphikidwa mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 5-10mm ndikusakaniza ndi soda ash (Na₂CO₃) pa chiŵerengero cha 10:1.
2. Kusungunula: Tenthetsani mu uvuni woyatsira mawu mpaka 850-950°C, dikirani kwa maola 2-3
3. Kutulutsa mpweya wopanikizika: Kuyambitsa mpweya wopanikizika (kupanikizika 0.2-0.3MPa), kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Kupanga slag: Onjezani kuchuluka koyenera kwa saltpeter (NaNO₃) ngati okosijeni, mlingo wa 3-5% wa kulemera kwa antimoni
5. Kuchotsa zinyalala: Mukakhazikika kwa mphindi 30, chotsani zinyalala pamwamba
6. Kubwerezabwereza ntchito: Bwerezani njira yomwe ili pamwambapa 2-3

2.1.3 Kulamulira Ma Parameter a Njira

• Kuwongolera kutentha: Kutentha koyenera 900±20°C
• Mlingo wa alkali: Sinthani malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa arsenic, nthawi zambiri 8-12% ya kulemera kwa antimoni
• Nthawi ya okosijeni: maola 1-1.5 pa kuzungulira kwa okosijeni

2.1.4 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Kuchotsa Arsenic

Ikhoza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa arsenic kuchokera pa 2-5% mpaka 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Njira Yokonzera Kusakhazikika kwa Oxidative

2.2.1 Mfundo Yaikulu

Amagwiritsa ntchito khalidwe lakuti arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) ndi yosinthasintha kwambiri kuposa antimony oxide. As₂O₃ imasinthasintha pa 193°C yokha, pomwe Sb₂O₃ imafuna 656°C.

2.2.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kusungunula kwa okosijeni: Tenthetsani mu uvuni wozungulira mpaka 600-650°C ndi mpweya wolowera
2. Chithandizo cha mpweya wa flue: Konzani ndi kubwezeretsa As₂O₃ yofooka
3. Kuchepetsa kusungunula: Chepetsani zinthu zotsala pa 1200°C ndi coke
4. Kuyeretsa: Onjezani phulusa laling'ono la soda kuti muyeretsedwe bwino

2.2.3 Magawo Ofunika

• Kuchuluka kwa mpweya: 21-28%
• Nthawi yokhala: maola 4-6
• Liwiro lozungulira uvuni: 0.5-1r/min

3. Kuyeretsa kwa Hydrometallurgical kuti muchotse Arsenic

3.1 Njira Yotulutsira Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Mfundo Yaikulu

Amagwiritsa ntchito khalidwe lakuti arsenic sulfide imasungunuka kwambiri mu mayankho a alkali sulfide kuposa antimony sulfide.
Monga₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Yosasungunuka

3.1.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Sulfidation: Sakanizani ufa wa antimoni wosakonzedwa bwino ndi sulfure pa chiŵerengero cha 1:0.3 mass, sulfidize pa 500°C kwa ola limodzi.
2. Kutulutsa madzi: Gwiritsani ntchito yankho la 2mol/L Na₂S, chiŵerengero cha madzi-cholimba cha 5:1, sakanizani pa 80°C kwa maola awiri.
3. Kusefa: Sefa ndi makina osindikizira zosefera, zotsalira zake ndi zotsika kwambiri za antimoni
4. Kukonzanso: Ikani H₂S mu filtrate kuti musinthe Na₂S

3.1.3 Mikhalidwe ya Njira

• Mlingo wa Na₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Kutulutsa pH: 12-13
• Kutulutsa bwino: As> 90%, kutayika kwa Sb <5%

3.2 Njira Yotulutsira Asidi Oxidative

3.2.1 Mfundo Yaikulu

Amagwiritsa ntchito arsenic's oxidation yosavuta m'malo okhala ndi asidi, pogwiritsa ntchito ma oxidants monga FeCl₃ kapena H₂O₂ posakaniza zinthu zina.

3.2.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kutulutsa madzi: Mu yankho la 1.5mol/L HCl, onjezerani 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, chiŵerengero cha madzi-cholimba 8:1
2. Kuwongolera kuthekera: Sungani kuthekera kwa okosijeni pa 400-450mV (motsutsana ndi SHE)
3. Kulekanitsa kolimba ndi madzi: Kusefa kwa vacuum, tumizani filtrate ku kuchira kwa arsenic
4. Kutsuka: Tsukani zotsalira za fyuluta katatu ndi hydrochloric acid wosungunuka

4. Njira Yoyeretsera Ma Electrolytic

4.1 Mfundo yaikulu

Amagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa mphamvu zoyika pakati pa antimony (+0.212V) ndi arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Kuyenda kwa Njira

1. Kukonzekera kwa Anode: Ikani antimoni yosaphikidwa m'mabolodi a anode a 400×600×20mm
2. Kapangidwe ka electrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, chowonjezera (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Mikhalidwe ya electrolysis:
   • Kuchuluka kwamakono: 120-150A/m²
   • Magetsi a selo: 0.4-0.6V
   • Kutentha: 30-35°C
   • Mtunda wa ma elekitirodi: 100mm
4. Kuzungulira: Chotsani mu selo masiku 7-10 aliwonse

4.3 Zizindikiro Zaukadaulo

• Kuyera kwa antimoni ya Cathode: ≥99.85%
• Chiŵerengero cha kuchotsa Arsenic: >95%
• Kuchita bwino kwamakono: 85-90%

5. Ukadaulo Wochotsa Arsenic Womwe Ukukula

5.1 Kusungunula Vacuum

Pansi pa vacuum ya 0.1-10Pa, imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi (Monga: 133Pa pa 550°C, Sb imafuna 1000°C).

5.2 Kuchuluka kwa Oxidation mu Plasma

Imagwiritsa ntchito plasma yotsika kutentha (5000-10000K) kuti ipange oxidation ya arsenic yosankhidwa, nthawi yochepa yokonza (10-30min), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

6. Kuyerekeza Njira ndi Malangizo Osankha

Malangizo osankha:

• Chakudya chokhala ndi arsenic yambiri (As> 3%): Chimakonda kuchotsedwa kwa alkali sulfide
• Arsenic yapakati (0.5-3%): Kuyeretsa kwa alkaline kapena electrolysis
• Zofunikira pa kuyera kwapamwamba kwa arsenic yotsika: Kuyeretsa kwa electrolytic kumalimbikitsidwa

7. Mapeto

Kuchotsa arsenic mu antimony yosaphika kumafuna kuganizira mozama za mawonekedwe a zinthu zopangira, zofunikira pa malonda, ndi zachuma. Njira zachikhalidwe zopangira pyrometallurgical zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu koma zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe; njira zopangira hydrometallurgical zimakhala ndi kuipitsidwa kochepa koma njira zazitali; njira zamagetsi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuyera kwambiri koma zimadya mphamvu zambiri. Malangizo amtsogolo okonza zinthu ndi awa:

1. Kupanga zowonjezera zogwira mtima zophatikizana
2. Kukonza njira zophatikizana za magawo ambiri
3. Kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za arsenic
4. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kutulutsa mpweya woipa