1. Mawu Oyamba

Zinc telluride (ZnTe) ndi chinthu chofunikira cha II-VI cha semiconductor chamagulu chokhala ndi bandgap yolunjika. Kutentha kwachipinda, bandgap yake ndi pafupifupi 2.26eV, ndipo imapeza ntchito zambiri pazida za optoelectronic, ma cell a solar, zowunikira ma radiation, ndi magawo ena. Nkhaniyi idzafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zosiyanasiyana za kaphatikizidwe ka zinc telluride, kuphatikizapo olimba-state reaction, nthunzi zoyendera, njira zothetsera njira, molecular beam epitaxy, etc. Njira iliyonse idzafotokozedwa momveka bwino malinga ndi mfundo zake, ndondomeko, ubwino ndi zovuta zake, ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu.

2. Solid-State Rection Method for ZnTe Synthesis

2.1 Mfundo

Njira yolimba-state reaction ndiyo njira yodziwika bwino yokonzekera zinc telluride, pomwe zinc zoyera kwambiri ndi tellurium zimachita mwachindunji pakutentha kupanga ZnTe:

Zn + Te → ZnTe

2.2 Ndondomeko Yatsatanetsatane

2.2.1 Kukonzekera Zopangira Zopangira

1. Kusankha Zinthu: Gwiritsani ntchito zinc granules zoyera kwambiri komanso zotupa za tellurium ndi chiyero ≥99.999% ngati zida zoyambira.
2. Kukonzekera Kwambiri:
   • Kuchiza kwa zinki: Choyamba kumiza mu dilute hydrochloric acid (5%) kwa mphindi imodzi kuchotsa oxides pamwamba, nadzatsuka ndi madzi osakaniza, kusamba ndi anhydrous ethanol, ndipo potsiriza kuunika mu uvuni vacuum pa 60 ° C kwa 2 hours.
   • Chithandizo cha Tellurium: Choyamba kumiza mu aqua regia (HNO₃:HCl=1:3) kwa masekondi a 30 kuti muchotse ma oxide a pamwamba, muzimutsuka ndi madzi osakaniza mpaka osalowerera, sambani ndi ethanol ya anhydrous, ndipo potsirizira pake muume mu uvuni wa vacuum pa 80 ° C kwa maola atatu.
3. Kuyeza: Yezerani zopangira mu stoichiometric ratio (Zn:Te=1:1). Poganizira zotheka kugwedezeka kwa zinc pa kutentha kwakukulu, 2-3% yowonjezera ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa.

2.2.2 Kusakaniza Zinthu

1. Kupera ndi Kusakaniza: Ikani zinki yoyezera ndi tellurium mu matope a agate ndikupera kwa mphindi 30 mu bokosi lamagetsi lodzaza ndi argon mpaka mutasakanikirana mofanana.
2. Pelletizing: Ikani ufa wosakaniza mu nkhungu ndikusindikiza mu pellets ndi diameter ya 10-20mm pansi pa 10-15MPa kuthamanga.

2.2.3 Kukonzekera kwa Zombo

1. Kuchiza kwa Quartz Tube: Sankhani machubu a quartz oyeretsedwa kwambiri (m'mimba mwake 20-30mm, makulidwe a khoma 2-3mm), choyamba zilowerereni mu aqua regia kwa maola 24, tsukani bwino ndi madzi oyeretsedwa, ndikuwumitsa mu uvuni pa 120 ° C.
2. Kuthawa: Ikani ma pellets azinthu mu chubu cha quartz, lumikizani ku vacuum system, ndikusamutsira ku ≤10⁻³Pa.
3. Kusindikiza: Tsekani chubu cha quartz pogwiritsa ntchito lawi la hydrogen-oxygen, kuonetsetsa kuti kutalika kwake ndi ≥50mm kuti muzitha kupuma.

2.2.4 Kutentha Kwambiri Kwambiri

1. Gawo Loyamba Kutentha: Ikani chubu cha quartz chosindikizidwa mu ng'anjo ya chubu ndi kutentha kwa 400 ° C pa mlingo wa 2-3 ° C / min, kugwira kwa maola 12 kuti mulole kuchitapo koyamba pakati pa zinc ndi tellurium.
2. Gawo Lachiwiri Lotentha: Pitirizani kutentha mpaka 950-1050 ° C (pansi pa quartz softening point of 1100 ° C) pa 1-2 ° C / min, kugwira kwa maola 24-48.
3. Kugwedeza kwa Tube: Panthawi yotentha kwambiri, pendekerani ng'anjo pa 45° maora awiri aliwonse ndipo gwedezani kangapo kuti mutsimikizire kusakanikirana bwino kwa zotulutsa.
4. Kuziziritsa: Mukamaliza kuchita, kuziziritsani pang'onopang'ono mpaka kutentha kwapakati pa 0.5-1 ° C/mphindi kuti mupewe kusweka kwa zitsanzo chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa kutentha.

2.2.5 Kukonza Zinthu

1. Kuchotsa Kwazogulitsa: Tsegulani chubu cha quartz mubokosi la magolovu ndikuchotsa zomwe zimachitika.
2. Kupera: Pukutsaninso chinthucho kukhala ufa kuti muchotse zinthu zomwe sizinachitike.
3. Annealing: Anneal ufa pa 600 ° C pansi pa argon atmosphere kwa maola 8 kuti athetse kupsinjika kwa mkati ndikuwongolera crystallinity.
4. Makhalidwe: Chitani XRD, SEM, EDS, etc., kutsimikizira chiyero cha gawo ndi kapangidwe kake.

2.3 Kusintha kwa Parameter

1. Kuwongolera Kutentha: Kutentha koyenera kwambiri ndi 1000±20°C. Kutentha kochepa kungapangitse kuti musamachite bwino, pamene kutentha kwapamwamba kungayambitse zinc volatilization.
2. Kuwongolera Nthawi: Nthawi yogwira iyenera kukhala ≥24 maola kuti muwonetsetse kuti mukuchita bwino.
3. Kuzizira: Kuzizira pang'onopang'ono (0.5-1 ° C / min) kumatulutsa njere zazikulu za kristalo.

2.4 Ubwino ndi Kuipa Kusanthula

Ubwino:

• Njira yosavuta, zofunika zida otsika
• Zoyenera kupanga batch
• High mankhwala chiyero

Zoyipa:

• Kutentha kwakukulu, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri
• Kugawa kwakukula kwambewu kosafanana
• Itha kukhala ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe sizinachitike

3. Njira Yoyendetsera Nthunzi ya ZnTe Synthesis

3.1 Mfundo

Njira yonyamulira nthunzi imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wonyamulira kunyamula nthunzi kupita kumalo otsika kutentha kuti ikayikidwe, kukwaniritsa kukula kwa ZnTe powongolera kutentha. Iodine imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mayendedwe:

ZnTe(zi) + I₂(g) ⇌ ZnI₂(g) + 1/2Te₂(g)

3.2 Ndondomeko Yatsatanetsatane

3.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa Zopangira

1. Kusankha Zinthu: Gwiritsani ntchito ufa wa ZnTe wapamwamba kwambiri (kuyera ≥99.999%) kapena stoichiometrically wosakaniza Zn ndi Te powders.
2. Kukonzekera kwa Wothandizira Magalimoto: Makristasi a ayodini oyeretsedwa kwambiri (kuyera ≥99.99%), mlingo wa 5-10mg/cm³ reaction chubu volume.
3. Chithandizo cha Machubu a Quartz: Chimodzimodzi ndi njira yolimba-state reaction, koma machubu aatali a quartz (300-400mm) amafunikira.

3.2.2 Tube Loading

1. Kuyika Kwazinthu: Ikani ufa wa ZnTe kapena osakaniza wa Zn + Te kumapeto kwa chubu cha quartz.
2. Kuwonjezera ayodini: Onjezani makhiristo a ayodini ku chubu cha quartz mu bokosi la glove.
3. Kuthawa: Chokani kupita ku ≤10⁻³Pa.
4. Kusindikiza: Kusindikiza ndi lawi la hydrogen-oxygen, kusunga chubu chopingasa.

3.2.3 Kukonzekera kwa Kutentha kwa Gradient

1. Kutentha kwa Zone Yotentha: Khazikitsani ku 850-900 ° C.
2. Kutentha kwa Cold Zone: Khazikitsani ku 750-800 ° C.
3. Kutalika kwa Zone: Pafupifupi 100-150mm.

3.2.4 Ndondomeko ya Kukula

1. Gawo Loyamba: Kutenthetsa mpaka 500 ° C pa 3 ° C / min, gwirani kwa maola awiri kuti mulole kuchitapo kanthu koyamba pakati pa ayodini ndi zipangizo.
2. Gawo Lachiwiri: Pitirizani kutentha mpaka kutentha, sungani kutentha, ndikukula kwa masiku 7-14.
3. Kuziziritsa: Mukamaliza kukula, muzizizira mpaka kutentha kwa 1°C/min.

3.2.5 Zotolera Zogulitsa

1. Kutsegula kwa chubu: Tsegulani chubu cha quartz mubokosi la magolovu.
2. Kusonkhanitsa: Sonkhanitsani makhiristo a ZnTe kumapeto kozizira.
3. Kuyeretsa: Ultrasonically woyera ndi anhydrous Mowa kwa mphindi 5 kuchotsa pamwamba-adsorbed ayodini.

3.3 Zowongolera Njira

1. Kuwongolera Kuchuluka kwa ayodini: Kuchuluka kwa ayodini kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe; mulingo woyenera kwambiri ndi 5-8mg/cm³.
2. Kutentha kwa Gradient: Sungani gradient mkati mwa 50-100 ° C.
3. Nthawi Yakukula: Nthawi zambiri masiku 7-14, kutengera kukula kwa kristalo komwe mukufuna.

3.4 Kusanthula Ubwino ndi Kuipa

Ubwino:

• Makristalo apamwamba kwambiri atha kupezeka
• Zokulirapo zamakristalo
• Kuyera kwakukulu

Zoyipa:

• Zozungulira zazitali za kukula
• Zida zapamwamba zofunikira
• Zokolola zochepa

4. Njira Yopangira Mayankho a ZnTe Nanomaterial Synthesis

4.1 Mfundo

Njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi mayankho zimawongolera zomwe zidachitika pokonzekera ZnTe nanoparticles kapena nanowires. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

Zn²⁺ + HTe⁻ + OH⁻ → ZnTe + H₂O

4.2 Ndondomeko Yatsatanetsatane

4.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa Reagent

1. Chitsime cha Zinc: Zinc acetate (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O), kuyera ≥99.99%.
2. Gwero la Tellurium: Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂), chiyero ≥99.99%.
3. Kuchepetsa Wothandizira: Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), chiyero ≥98%.
4. Zosungunulira: Madzi a deionized, ethylenediamine, ethanol.
5. Wowonjezera: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).

4.2.2 Kukonzekera kwa Tellurium Precursor

1. Kukonzekera Kukonzekera: Sungunulani 0.1mmol TeO₂ mu 20ml madzi opangidwa ndi deionized.
2. Kuchepetsa Kuchitapo kanthu: Onjezani 0.5mmol NaBH₄, yambitsani maginito kwa mphindi 30 kuti mupange HTe⁻ yankho.
   TeO₂ + 3BH₄⁻ + 3H₂O → HTe⁻ + 3B(OH)₃ + 3H₂↑
3. Atmosphere Yoteteza: Sungani nayitrogeni ikuyenda ponseponse kuti mupewe okosijeni.

4.2.3 ZnTe Nanoparticle Synthesis

1. Kukonzekera kwa Zinc Solution: Sungunulani 0.1mmol zinc acetate mu 30ml ethylenediamine.
2. Kusakaniza Zomwe Mukuchita: Onjezani pang'onopang'ono yankho la HTe⁻ ku yankho la zinki, ikani pa 80 ° C kwa maola 6.
3. Centrifugation: Mukachita, centrifuge pa 10,000rpm kwa mphindi 10 kuti mutenge mankhwala.
4. Kusamba: Kuchapira kwina ndi ethanol ndi madzi oyeretsedwa katatu.
5. Kuyanika: Unikani zouma pa 60°C kwa maola 6.

4.2.4 ZnTe Nanowire kaphatikizidwe

1. Template Addition: Onjezani 0.2g CTAB ku yankho la zinki.
2. Hydrothermal Reaction: Tumizani yankho losakanikirana ku 50ml Teflon-lined autoclave, ikani pa 180 ° C kwa maola 12.
3. Post-Processing: Zofanana ndi za nanoparticles.

4.3 Kusintha kwa Parameter

1. Kutentha Control: 80-90 ° C kwa nanoparticles, 180-200 ° C kwa nanowires.
2. pH Mtengo: Sungani pakati pa 9-11.
3. Nthawi Yochitira: Maola 4-6 a nanoparticles, maola 12-24 a nanowires.

4.4 Ubwino ndi Kuipa Kusanthula

Ubwino:

• Kutentha kochepa, kupulumutsa mphamvu
• Controllable morphology ndi kukula kwake
• Zoyenera kupanga zazikulu

Zoyipa:

• Zogulitsa zitha kukhala ndi zonyansa
• Zimafunika pambuyo pokonza
• Khalidwe lotsika la kristalo

5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) ya ZnTe Thin Film Kukonzekera

5.1 Mfundo

MBE imakulitsa mafilimu opyapyala amtundu wa ZnTe powongolera matabwa a mamolekyu a Zn ndi Te pagawo laling'ono lomwe limakhala ndi vacuum yapamwamba kwambiri, kuwongolera ndendende kusinthasintha kwamitengo ndi kutentha kwa gawo lapansi.

5.2 Ndondomeko Yatsatanetsatane

5.2.1 Kukonzekera Kwadongosolo

1. Vacuum System: Base vacuum ≤1×10⁻⁸Pa.
2. Kukonzekera Kochokera:
   • Gwero la Zinc: 6N high-chiyero zinc mu BN crucible.
   • Gwero la Tellurium: 6N high-purity tellurium mu PBN crucible.
3. Kukonzekera kwa gawo lapansi:
   • Gawo laling'ono la GaAs (100).
   • Kuyeretsa gawo lapansi: Kuyeretsa zosungunulira za organic → etching ya asidi → kutsuka madzi osakaniza → kuyanika kwa nayitrogeni.

5.2.2 Njira ya Kukula

1. Kutuluka kwa Substrate Outgassing: Kuphika pa 200 ° C kwa ola limodzi kuti muchotse zotulutsa pamwamba.
2. Kuchotsa Oxide: Kutenthetsa mpaka 580 ° C, gwirani kwa mphindi 10 kuti muchotse oxides pamwamba.
3. Kukula kwa Buffer Layer: Kuzizira mpaka 300 ° C, kukulitsa 10nm ZnTe buffer layer.
4. Kukula Kwakukulu:
   • Kutentha kwa gawo lapansi: 280-320 ° C.
   • Kuthamanga kofanana kwa mtengo wa zinc: 1 × 10⁻⁶Tor.
   • Kuthamanga kofanana kwa mtengo wa Tellurium: 2 × 10⁻⁶Tor.
   • V / III chiŵerengero cholamulidwa pa 1.5-2.0.
   • Kukula: 0.5-1μm/h.
5. Anealing: Pambuyo kukula, anneal pa 250 ° C kwa mphindi 30.

5.2.3 Kuwunika kwa In-Situ

1. RHEED Monitoring: Kuwona zenizeni zenizeni za kumangidwanso kwapansi ndi kukula.
2. Mass Spectrometry: Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa mtengo wa maselo.
3. Infrared Thermometry: Kuwongolera kolondola kwa kutentha kwa gawo lapansi.

5.3 Zowongolera Njira

1. Kuwongolera Kutentha: Kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumakhudza mtundu wa kristalo ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba.
2. Beam Flux Ratio: Chiwerengero cha Te/Zn chimakhudza mitundu yachilema komanso kuchuluka kwake.
3. Kukula: Mitengo yotsika imapangitsa kuti kristalo ikhale yabwino.

5.4 Kusanthula Ubwino ndi Kuipa

Ubwino:

• Zolemba zenizeni komanso kuwongolera doping.
• Mafilimu apamwamba a single-crystal.
• Malo a atomiki athyathyathya otheka.

Zoyipa:

• Zida zodula.
• Kukula kwapang'onopang'ono.
• Zimafunika luso lapamwamba la ntchito.

6. Njira Zina Zophatikizira

6.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

1. Otsogolera: Diethylzinc (DEZn) ndi diisopropyltelluride (DIPTe).
2. Kuchita Kutentha: 400-500 ° C.
3. Gasi Wonyamula: Nayitrogeni wa nitrogen kapena haidrojeni.
4. Kupanikizika: Kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga kapena kutsika (10-100Torr).

6.2 Kutentha kwa kutentha

1. Zida Zopangira: Ufa wa ZnTe wapamwamba kwambiri.
2. Mulingo wa Vacuum: ≤1×10⁻⁴Pa.
3. Evaporation Kutentha: 1000-1100°C.
4. Kutentha kwa gawo lapansi: 200-300 ° C.

7. Mapeto

Pali njira zingapo zopangira zinc telluride, iliyonse ili ndi zabwino zake ndi zovuta zake. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ndizoyenera kukonzekera zinthu zambiri, zoyendera za nthunzi zimapereka makhiristo apamwamba kwambiri, njira zothetsera mavuto ndi zabwino kwa nanomaterials, ndipo MBE imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakanema owonda kwambiri. Mapulogalamu othandiza ayenera kusankha njira yoyenera malinga ndi zofunikira, ndi kulamulira kozama kwa magawo a ndondomeko kuti apeze zipangizo za ZnTe zapamwamba. Mayendedwe amtsogolo akuphatikiza kaphatikizidwe ka kutentha kochepa, kuwongolera ma morphology, ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa ma doping.